William Wood was the owner of several copper and tin mines in England and he hoped to make a large profit via the production of coins for use in Ireland and America.  During the first half of 1722 King George I’s mistress (who had followed him over from Germany), the Duchess of Kendal, obtained a patent from the Earl of Sunderland for coining copper money for Ireland.

Wood thought this would be a profitable enterprise so he purchased the royal patent from the duchess for £10,000.

In his indenture from George I dated June 16, 1722 Wood was authorized to produce up to 360 tons of halfpence and farthings for Ireland at 30 pence to the pound over a period of fourteen years for an annual fee of £800 paid to the king.

• These Hibernia coins were heavier and thus intrinsically more valuable than the coppers then circulating in Ireland.
• They were certainly less profitable for Wood to mint than his 50% lighter weight ‘Rosa Americana’ copper issues.
  • Hibernia’s weighed 60 halfpence to the pound as compared to 120 ‘Rosa Americana’ halfpence to the pound
    • Wood was authorized to make 120 halfpence to the pound (compared to forty-six halfpence to the pound at the Tower of London mint) which, according to Mossman, would yield a 140% profit after adjusting for production costs.
    • Small wonder the American colonists rebelled less than 50 years later !

    • 

      The Rosa Americana pieces were issued in three denominations—half penny, penny, and twopence—and were intended for America. This type had a fully bloomed rose on the reverse with the words ROSA AMERICANA UTILE DULCI (“American Rose—Useful and Pleasant”).

• When including the costs of production, plus the £10,000 fee paid to the Duchess of Kendal, it has been calculated that Wood would have lost £4,871 over the fourteen years of the patent.
  • Therefore, from Wood’s viewpoint, the Hibernia coin specifications were too generous based on the cost of production – well, actually, there was a profit of over £5,000 in normal circumstances, so it was the sum of £10,000 that he paid the Duchess of Kendall that caused the problem !
  • He made a ‘commercial decision’ to change the specifications and, since it was not for use in England, the English Parliament did nothing to stop him from producing ‘under weight’ coins and the Irish Privy Council was powerless to prevent this
  • Contrary to popular opinion, it now seems that Wood did not produce under-weight coins for Ireland and that he did, in fact, reduce his potential losses by ‘drip-feeding the initial supply into Ireland hoping that his contract would be recinded.

It has also generally been held that the Irish did not accept the Hibernia coppers and much has been said about Dean Swift’s Drapier Letters, the duplicity of the Irish authorities and the political intrigues of the Tories and Whigs in England.

• However, recent research (and the frequency of coin finds in Ireland) suggests that Wood’s coins were accepted at first.
• It would appear that, over time, the Irish people and merchants gradually neglected the coins.
• The ‘wear’ on Wood’s coinage found in Ireland suggests that they were used until 1737 when they were replaced by regal Irish coppers

It is a popular myth that the Irish refused to use the coinage on nationalistic grounds and that they relied on copper tokens (and, possibly, the Saint Patrick coppers) but this seems unlikely.

• What they needed was good quality silver coinage of sixpence, shillings, half crowns and crowns.
• The Irish Privy Council agitated for this but the English Parliament were unwilling to export silver to Ireland

Wood’s Coinage has two major types:

• The first type struck in 1722 has a reverse design with a harp left of Hibernia

• 

  Wood’s ‘Hibernia’ halfpenny, with the harp to the left of the seated Hibernia (Type I)

• The second type struck from 1722 until 1724 has a harp to the right of Hibernia

• 

  Wood’s ‘Hibernia’ halfpenny, with the harp to the right of the seated Hibernia (Type II)

• The obverses of both type are similar, albeit subject to die varieties
• 1725 – There is a die flaw which occurs on one variety of the 1723 halfpenny which makes it look like the date is 1725
• There are proof strikings in both copper and silver and there are a number of patterns (but these are rare)

These coins are available in much better condition than the earlier regal copper issues and uncirculated coins with considerable red mint lustre are available albeit scarce and expensive.  Wood’s Coinage is actively collected as part of the American ‘colonial series’ so there are listings of their values in the ‘Red Book’, the ‘Blue Book’ and from many other US sources – including numerous American numismatic websites.

Year	Type I, Wood’s Farthing	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1722	Farthing	6602	523	IG1FA-005	115

Year	Type I, Wood’s Halfpenny	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1722	Halfpenny	6600	504	IG1HD-005	116
1722	Proof in Copper	P6600	505	IG1HD-010	116
1722	Proof in Silver	P6600	506	IG1HD-015	116a

Year	Type II, Wood’s Farthing	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1723	Obverse reads D:G: REX:	6603	524	IG1FA-010	118
1723	No colon after REX			IG1FA-015	–
1723	Obverse reads DEI.GRATIA	6604	525	IG1FA-020	119
1723	Proof in Copper	P6604	526	IG1FA-025	–
1723	Proof in Silver	P6604	527	IG1FA-030	119a
1724	Stop after date	6604	528	IG1FA-035	119
1724	No stop after date		530	IG1FA-040	–
1724	Proof in Silver	P6604	529	IG1FA-045	119a
1724	Proof in Silver – No stop after date				119a

Year	Type II, Wood’s Halfpenny	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1722	Halfpenny	6601	507	IG1HD-020	117.1
1722	Second 2 inverted		509	IG1HD-025	117.1
1722	Proof in Copper	P6601	508	IG1HD-030	117.1

Year	Type II, Wood’s Halfpenny	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1723	No pellet before reverse legend	6601	517	IG1HD-035	117.4
1723	3 over 2	6601	515	IG1HD-040	117.1
1723	R’s over B’s on obverse	6601	513	IG1HD-045	117.2
1723	Pellet before reverse legend	–	510	–	117.1
1723	No pellet after date	6601	514	–	–
1723	Star in reverse legend	6601	516	–	117.3
1723	Proof in Copper	P6601	518	IG1HD-050	117.4
1723	Proof in Copper – pellet before rev legend	–	511	–	117.1
1723	Proof in Silver	P6601	512	IG1HD-055	117.1a

Year	Type II, Wood’s Halfpenny	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1724	Divided reverse legend	6601	519	IG1HD-060	120
1724	Continuous reverse legend	6601	520	–	121
1724	No pellet after date	–	522	–	121
1724	Proof in Copper	–	–	IG1HD-065	–
1724	Proof in Silver	P6601	521	–	121a

Year	Type II, Wood’s Halfpenny	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1725	This date is caused by a die flaw on a 1723 variety	–	–	–	–

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There are also a number of patterns available for this series.  They are highly collectible and attract much attention when they appear at auction. They are available in a range of metals and a small number of varieties have been noted.

Year	Woods Pattern Farthings	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1723	As type II but, longer hair and date below Hibernia, in Silver	–	–	–	–
1724	As type II but, longer hair and date below Hibernia, in Copper	–	534	–	Pn18
1724	As above in Silver	–	–	–	Pn19
1724	Similar obverse but reverse has crossed and knotted Septre and Trident, date below	–	535	–	–
1724	Reverses of two patterns above combined	–	536		Pn20

Year	Wood’s Pattern Halfpennies	Seaby	Dowle & Finn	Coincraft	Krause
1722	As type I , but Hibernia facing right looking at rocks, date below	–	531	IG1PTN-020	Pn17
1724	As type II, but longer hair and date below Hibernia, in Copper (wide and narrow flans)	–	532	IG1PTN-040	Pn21
1724	As above in Bell Metal	–	532	–	Pn22
1724	Similar obverse but reverse has crossed and knotted Septre and Trident, date below	–	533	–	Pn23

For the specialist collector, there are a number of other (less obvious) varieties of these coins.

For the Hibernia farthing Nelson listed six types, which Breen expanded to eleven.

• Recently Martin has identified five obverse dies (1-5) and seven reverse dies (A-G),
• with four sub-varieties of reverse B based on the number of harp strings (between nine and twelve), for a total of eleven reverses.

These 16 dies are found in 14 combinations as follows:

• 1722 – 1 combination
• 1723 – 7 combinations
• 1724 – 6 combinations (of which Martin was unable to verify three 1724 combinations)

For the Hibernia halfpence Nelson listed nine types, which Breen expanded to twenty five.

• Martin has identified ten obverse dies (1-10) and 17 reverse dies (A-Q)
• with numerous sub-varieties based on the number of harp strings + the size of the 3 in the date (total number of reverses = 30)

These 40 dies are found in 36 combinations as follows:

• 1722 – 9 combinations
• 1723/2 – 2 combinations
• 1723 – 17 combinations
• 1724 – 8 combinations

Several different device punches were used for the royal bust and Hibernia (Martin states there are at least three different laurel wreath styles and several variations on Hibernia’s belt).

• Interestingly, the device punches for Hibernia had a blank harp so the strings were cut into the individual dies.
• The engravers did not always use the same number of strings on the harp so that there could be a number of variations from a single Hibernia device.
• Additionally, many different letter punches were used and they are found in a variety of combinations.
• When adding all of these possibilities as well as different letter alignment and various die states due to cracks and re-cutting the number of varieties is quite large.
• It has been suggested the number of varieties for the halfpence alone is in the 200-400 range

Further, Martin has suggested (as Hodder has shown for New Jersey coppers) that the emission sequence of these dies was not continuous or in strict chronological order, thus a 1722 obverse would be replaced with a 1723 obverse and then later re-used.

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